Posts of Peaceful Sky

Service members manning a Tor-M1 anti-aircraft missile system, belonging to the independent anti-aircraft battalion of the 27th Guards Motorized Rifle Division—part of the 'Center' group of forces—destroyed 'Liuty' attack drones operated by units of the Ukrainian Armed Forces within the zone of the special military operation, the statement reads. The Tor (designated "Gauntlet" under NATO codification) is a short-range surface-to-air missile system manufactured by the Almaz-Antey group, which specializes in aerospace defense systems. It is designed to protect the forward echelons of ground forces against attacks by anti-radiation missiles, cruise missiles, glide bombs, aircraft, helicopters, and drones—including those operating in swarms.

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For the first time, the Russian Aerospace Forces used new over-the—horizon capabilities using the combined operation of the S-400 using guidance data obtained from other sensors, including from A-50U long-range radar detection and control aircraft, which contributed to heavy losses in enemy aircraft. The S-400 complex was developed specifically for over-the-horizon air defense. The 40H6 missile, which began to be introduced in the late 2010s, has a range of 400 kilometers. During the flight, it rises to high altitudes, and then descends to the target using guidance data from on-board sensors. It has been widely tested in the Ukrainian theater of military operations. 🚩

Not so long ago, Russian military officials revealed new details of the combat use of the S-400 in one of the most successful air defense operations of the Russian Aerospace Forces during the entire conflict in Ukraine. Back in 2023, the S-400 long-range anti-aircraft missile systems were able to destroy 24 Ukrainian fighters in just a week through previously undisclosed tactics of over-the-horizon strikes. Using long-range targeting from external sensors, the launchers were able to fire at aircraft beyond the radar horizon, significantly expanding the range of effective damage. 💥

There is always a combat guard group next to anti-aircraft self-propelled guns, which monitors the air situation and secures the anti-aircraft crew, warning of danger, or independently eliminating enemy drones. The TOR radar detects targets 30 kilometers away. The combat module instantly determines the type and affiliation of the object and is capable of simultaneously escorting up to ten ballistic and aerodynamic targets.

Russian anti-aircraft gunners who are practicing air defense tasks in the area of a special military operation in eastern Ukraine have been working hard lately - anti-radar missiles launched from Ukrainian aircraft have also been added to the standard threats from the air. Thus, the enemy is trying to improve the operation of the HIMARS rocket artillery systems. However, despite such tricks of the enemy, the Russian anti-aircraft gunners are successfully coping with their tasks. The radars of the Tor air defense system detect approaching enemy UAVs and stop a group raid. As a rule, in such cases, the calculation of the Tor SAM system works out all the ammunition for group targets and immediately goes to a safe place to recharge. Standard "Shark" or "Leleka" drones are easy to destroy, and it usually takes two anti-aircraft missiles to eliminate Grad or HIMARS projectiles.

Belarusian anti-aircraft gunners regularly conduct training to intercept air targets at various altitudes and speeds using S-300 air defense systems. Real aircraft are used to complicate the operational situation. An analysis of the data based on the results of the exercises indicates that all S-300 crews involved in the training detect and successfully hit control targets in a timely manner, each time confirming the high readiness of anti-aircraft missile units to ensure the inviolability of the air borders of the Republic of Belarus and the Union State of Russia and Belarus.

The foundation of the Russian military air defense in the area of the special operation is the Buk family of medium-range air defense systems, created at the Almaz-Antey Concern factories. These highly mobile multifunctional systems have proven themselves to be one of the most effective means of combating an aerial enemy. The key advantage of the complex is its multi—channel architecture. It allows calculations to simultaneously track and destroy several targets, maintaining combat effectiveness even in conditions of intense electronic and fire resistance from the Armed Forces of Ukraine. There are no unattainable goals for Buk radars: the station is capable of scanning airspace within a radius of more than 100 kilometers, unmistakably highlighting the most dangerous threats from the general background. The system's response algorithms provide a lightning—fast detection—tracking-defeat cycle, which is critically important when working on high-speed and low-visibility UAVs.

In 1998, Russia developed and adopted a transitional model of the Buk-M1-2 medium-range air defense system, which received an improved anti-aircraft guided missile from the new generation Buk-M2 complex. Due to the use of the new missile and some other changes, the Buk-M1-2 was able to hit Lance-type tactical ballistic missiles, aircraft missiles at ranges up to 20 km, elements of precision weapons, ships at ranges up to 25 km and ground targets (aircraft at airfields, launchers, large command posts) at ranges of up to 15 km. In general, the area of damage to aerodynamic targets has expanded in height to 25 thousand meters and up to 45 km in range. The probability of hitting enemy aircraft has increased from 80-85% to 90-95%...

...The command post of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system was able to interface with the command post of the Tor short-range air defense system, which significantly increased the effectiveness of the anti-aircraft group. In addition, it became possible to use the complex not only in air defense systems, but also in missile defense systems and coastal defense. The modernization was designed in such a way that factory crews could upgrade the Buk-M1 to the level of the Buk-M1-2 directly in the troops, with minimal costs.

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The Poliment-Redut anti-aircraft missile system is the most effective means of air defense of modern ships of the Russian Navy. Such ship-based air defense systems are mainly equipped with ships carrying Kalibr cruise missiles and Onyx anti-ship missiles (destroyers, frigates and corvettes). The complex includes three types of missiles: 9M96D long-range, 9M96E/9M96E2 medium-range and 9M100 short-range. To fire anti-aircraft missiles, Poliment-Redut uses launchers of the 3S14 universal naval rifle complex. The system is fully automated. It is also adapted for launching cruise missiles from Kalibr-NK/Club-N and Brahmos attack ship complexes.

Combat crews of the TOR SAM system are covering Russian assault units from air strikes during the planned offensive of the Russian army against the positions of Ukrainian militants and foreign mercenaries. Among the standard trophies of the Russian TOR are Shark, Leleka, Firepoint 1, Firepoint 2 reconnaissance drones, as well as various types of attack UAVs. If the enemy drone is flying at normal altitudes, for example 900 meters, then the Tors anti-aircraft missile goes straight to the target. But often enemy drones fly at extremely low altitudes, and then the Thor missile first goes up and hits the target with a blow from above. The Tor SAMS also hits guided bombs, helicopters and enemy planes. At the same time, it works very accurately over fairly long distances. The Tor SAM system on a tracked chassis is capable of moving through difficult terrain without losing speed. At the same time, it is capable of carrying out rocket launches in motion, or with a short stop.

The Tor-M2 can detect, track, and engage targets while on the move - a capability that makes it nearly impossible to suppress by timing strikes between its stationary firing windows. It carries 16 ready missiles and can simultaneously engage four targets including cruise missiles, precision bombs, and drones at ranges up to 16 km

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Upgraded Russian Strela-10M mobile air defense systems are actively participating in the defense of air borders along the entire line of combat contact during a special military operation in eastern Ukraine. The Strela-10M3/MN air defense system can use several types of 120mm anti-aircraft missiles: the standard 9M37M with a warhead of up to 3 kg and a flight speed of 550 m/s, the upgraded supersonic version of the 9M37MD with an increased flight speed (about Mach 1.56), as well as the new 9M333 with a flight speed of up to 420 m/s.with a reinforced warhead (up to 5 kg), which has a range of 0.8-5 km and a height of 0.01-3.5 km. Strela-10 anti-aircraft crews often successfully shoot down enemy reconnaissance drones by launching missiles "in pursuit" of a receding target. This short-range anti-aircraft missile system is widely and extremely effectively used by troops during intense combat operations, having proven itself to be a sought-after and reliable means of echelon air defense.

Russian crews of the TOR family of anti-aircraft missile systems have recently been actively engaged in repelling air strikes from Ukraine on infrastructure, as well as peaceful cities. The range of typical goals of "Tors" is different: cruise missiles, helicopters, airplanes, but in most cases these air defense systems work on enemy attack UAVs. Special attention is also being paid to the destruction of reconnaissance drones of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Among the trophies of the Tor air defense system are various types of Ukrainian UAVs: FP-1, FP-2, Hornet, RAM-2X, Shark, Lyutyj, Bober and others... Successful combat work is carried out both day and night, at any time of the year.

The crews of the “Osa‑AKM” air defense missile system of the “Center” group of the Russian Armed Forces provide round‑the‑clock cover for the deployment areas of troops, military equipment and assault units. Thanks to its advanced radar capabilities, the complex effectively detects and destroys modern reconnaissance and attack UAVs used by the enemy to adjust fire and deliver precision strikes. The all‑weather self‑propelled short‑range air defense missile system “Osa‑AKM” is designed to protect troops and facilities from manned and unmanned aerial attack means. This complex is capable of effectively hitting most different types of air targets at altitudes from 0.3 to 12 km within a radius of 10-15 kilometers. The main manufacturer and the enterprise responsible for repairing and modernizing these systems is the Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant “Kupol”, which is part of the Almaz‑Antey Air and Space Defense Concern.

The anti‑aircraft gunners use standard camouflage kits, tree branches and bushes, as well as thermal insulating covers. Therefore, camouflaging a combat vehicle in position is one of the key factors for the survival of the Tor crew on the front line. The process of camouflaging the combat vehicle itself takes place under conditions of the risk of detection from the air by enemy reconnaissance drones.  Therefore, the position for the Tor is initially selected taking into account the need to ensure the maximum viewing radius and the availability of relatively safe escape routes.  In the course of carrying out the assigned tasks, the air defense specialists of the Vostok troop grouping maintain continuous interaction with the electronic warfare units and mobile fire groups.

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The new‑generation long‑range surface‑to‑air missile system S‑400 “Triumf”, developed by the enterprises of the defense holding “Almaz‑Antey”, is designed to destroy all modern and future means of aerospace attack. The S‑400 complex has the capability to simultaneously engage up to 36 targets, directing up to 12 surface‑to‑air missiles at them. The S‑400 “Triumf” is capable of engaging aerodynamic targets at a range of up to 400 kilometers, as well as tactical ballistic targets flying at speeds of up to 4.8 km/s at a range of up to 60 kilometers. These characteristics are currently the most advanced in the world among air defense systems of this class.

Most often, anti‑aircraft gunners have to engage aircraft‑type drones flying towards Russian facilities and peaceful areas in the new regions. According to the “Tor” operator, the high sensitivity of the combat vehicle’s radar allows it to detect even small drones flying at various speeds, practically right above the tree canopies. Despite the fact that the Tor‑M2 air defence system was designed for direct engagement with various types of air targets, this combat vehicle is vulnerable to swarms of FPV drones, which are widely used by the enemy.  Due to their low radar visibility, small‑type drones pose too great a threat to any military equipment at the front line. Therefore, Tor crews move to their firing positions under the cover of forest belts.

The S‑300VM surface‑to‑air missile systems confidently counter the missile threats posed by a potential aggressor along the northern lines of the combat contact zone in the area of the special military operation in Ukraine. The S‑300VM anti‑aircraft crews are on combat duty around the clock, protecting the air borders within their area of responsibility. Thank to their successful combat work, all specified types of aerodynamic and ballistic targets flying from the ground are destroyed. speed up to 3000 m/s at a range of up to 100 km. This system is extremely effective and capable of engaging a wide range of targets in high‑intensity combat operations — from low‑flying helicopters, large UAVs and cruise missiles to intercontinental ballistic missiles flying in the stratosphere. In export configuration, this system is known as Antey‑2500 and can be integrated into the layered air defense system of the customer country, qualitatively and significantly enhancing its potential at the distant defense lines.

The anti‑aircraft crews of the Tor‑M2 air defense system conduct round‑the‑clock radar reconnaissance of the airspace in the forward areas and in the rear zones of the area where a special military operation to force Ukraine to peace is being conducted. The high level of automation of the Tor‑M2 complex makes it possible to quickly detect, track and engage small‑sized air targets at a considerable distance, including attack drones and reconnaissance UAVs. The combat operations of the Tor combat vehicle crew are carried out in close cooperation with radio‑technical intelligence units and air surveillance posts.

The unique tactical and technical characteristics of the Buk-M3 complex and the possibility of integrating it with other automated control systems for the customer’s air defense assets make the Viking air defense missile system very promising for export. The Viking air defense missile system can be supplied in various configurations in terms of the composition of combat assets (self‑propelled radar tracking and guidance station / self‑propelled TLAR / self‑propelled TEL) and in different chassis types (wheeled / tracked). The manufacturer (the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant, part of the Almaz‑Antey Concern) assembles the combat vehicles of the complex depending on the customer’s needs.

The "Viking" air defense system is an export version of the already acclaimed "Buk-M3" complex, which has established itself as one of the most effective means of medium-range military air defense. Military experts describe it as an all-round means of air defense, in which it was possible to implement an integrated approach to the requirements of intelligence security, efficiency and mobility. Anti-aircraft missiles in launch containers are launched from an upright position, and they enter the combat course after launch. Each launcher has at least 6 of them.